Rabu, 21 November 2012

Weather Report and Tables/ Graphs


What is a Weather Report?

A weather report can be defined as,

“A written or spoken statement describing what the weather has been like recently, what it is like at the moment or what it will be for a period in the future.”

OR

“A daily report of meteorological observations, and of probable changes in the weather; esp. one published by government authority”.

Writing a Weather Report

A weather report is a bit technical as compared to other report writing you have been practicing earlier. You need to choose words and phrases correctly and present the information gathered in the language of meteorologists.

Information Items in a Typical Weather Report Format


Weather report writing has its own format which is precise, to the point and delivers facts and prediction right on hand. A weather report article or analysis typically includes the statement of current weather conditions along with a weather forecast for the next 24 hours.

Following are the important information elements included in a typical weather analysis report:

Stn: Station ID
Temp: Present temperature (°C)
MinT: Minimum temperature (°C) recorded over the last 18 hours
MaxT: Maximum temperature (°C) recorded over the last 18 hours
RH: Present RH (%)
WndDir: Wind direction
WndSpd: Wind speed (km/h)
WndGust: Wind gust (km/h)
Rain_mm: Rain since last report (mm)
Snow_cm: Snow since last report (cm)
Hail_mm: Hail since last report (mm)
FFMC – Fine Fuel Moisture Code
ISI - Initial Spread Index
DMC – Duff Moisture Code
BUI – Build Up Index
DC – Drought Code
DSR – Daily Severity Rating
FWI – Fire Weather Index
Corporate Rgn: Name of corporate region the weather station is associated with.
Step By Step Guide for Writing A Weather Report

Go through the following steps carefully to learn what is required and not required in a weather report. These steps will help you in building a strong foundation on weather reporting.
Get Sample Weather Reviews from Your Local and National Weather Services

Before writing a weather report, visit the National Weather Service and ask them to show you a few samples on weather reporting. This will give you a good idea of the information required.You can also visit official websites of local weather agencies and ask for online assistance.
Provide Complete Weather Statistics

For writing a weather report, you need to provide an overall view of the weather condition of your area. This will include humidity, dew point, Ultraviolet ray index, direction and speed of wind, temperature, barometric pressure, rating of air quality and precipitation amount. Mentioning the timings of sunrise and sunset and visibility information would be a plus.
Include Average Temperatures of the Current Year

Your weather report must include the average low and high temperature for the current year. Historical information about the weather changes taking place since past few years is optional.

Helpful Resources for Weather Analysis


Satellite map and weather forecasting are the two key tools which will help you greatly in creating a weather report.
Satellite Map

With the help of satellite map, explain the temperature and other weather indications for the past few hours. Point out the areas under pressure and explain why it is so; based on the wind and storm pressure information.

Make educated guess about how the weather would be like in the next couple of hours. A satellite map will also show you the weather conditions of the neighboring areas; on this basis, you can predict weather changes of your city or state.

Weather Forecast

Weather forecast makes a significant part of weather report. It can be defined as:

“An attempt at predicting rain, wind, temperature, and sunshine with the probability of success rapidly diminishing over time.”

OR

“It is the prediction of the weather through application of the principles of physics and meteorology. Weather forecasting predicts atmospheric phenomena and changes on the Earth’s surface caused by atmospheric conditions (snow and ice cover, storm tides, floods, etc.). Scientific weather forecasting relies on empirical and statistical techniques, such as measurements of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, and precipitation, and computer-controlled mathematical models.”

The weather forecast you mention in your report must be for three or seven days. Do not forecast the weather conditions for months because long term forecasts are less accurate therefore, less reliable. The forecast can be made by studying the satellite map or taking help of meteorologists.

When writing a weather forecast, you need to state the general weather conditions such as sunny, cloudy, rainy, stormy, cloudy, low and high temperature and weather warnings like tornadoes, flooding etc.
Writing Style of a Weather Report Review

The writing style of weather forecast must be to the point; no fillers are required. You must choose your words and phrases correctly and arrange them in a way that the information looks precise and accurate, and fits well in one or two lines.
Examples of Weather Reports

The following examples will give you a good idea on how to write a weather report. Also note the difference in formatting.

Partly cloudy in the evening, becoming cloudy overnight. Low around 55 F. Winds S at 5 to 10 mph

Sun may give way to rain for this evening, with a 10 percent chance of precipitation and a low of 50 degrees. Winds are expected to remain calm at 9 mph

Clear with cloudy periods; a slight chance of showers or thundershowers

Mostly clear with showers likely. Slight chance of a thunderstorm. 3 to 6 mm of rain



table

In computer programming, a table is a data structure used to organize information, just as it is on paper. There are many different types of computer-related tables, which work in a number of different ways. The following are examples of the more common types.

I) In data processing, a table (also called an array) is a organized grouping of fields. Tables may store relatively permanent data, or may be frequently updated. For example, a table contained in a disk volume is updated when sectors are being written.

2) In a relational database, a table (sometimes called a file) organizes the information about a single topic into rows and columns. For example, a database for a business would typically contain a table for customer information, which would store customers' account numbers, addresses, phone numbers, and so on as a series of columns. Each single piece of data (such as the account number) is a field in the table. A column consists of all the entries in a single field, such as the telephone numbers of all the customers. Fields, in turn, are organized as records, which are complete sets of information (such as the set of information about a particular customer), each of which comprises a row. The process of normalization determines how data will be most effectively organized into tables.

3)A decision table (often called a truth table), which can be computer-based or simply drawn up on paper, contains a list of decisions and the criteria on which they are based. All possible situations for decisions should be listed, and the action to take in each situation should be specified. A rudimentary example: For a traffic intersection, the decision to proceed might be expressed as yes or no and the criteria might be the light is red or the light is green.

A decision table can be inserted into a computer program to direct its processing according to decisions made in different situations. Changes to the decision table are reflected in the program.

4)An HTML table is used to organize Web page elements spatially or to create a structure for data that is best displayed in tabular form, such as lists or specifications.



Numbers or quantities arranged in rows and columns

This is a table of what sport people play at a school.




Graphs

Definition
Two-dimensional drawing showing a relationship (usually between two set of numbers) by means of a line, curve, a series of bars, or other symbols. Typically, an independent variable is represented on the horizontal line (X-axis) and an dependent variable on the vertical line (Y-axis). The perpendicular axis intersect at a point called origin, and are calibrated in the units of the quantities represented. Though a graph usually has four quadrants representing the positive and negative values of the variables, usually only the north-east quadrant is shown when the negative values do not exist or are of no interest. Often used interchangeably with the term 'chart'.


example

This bar graph displays data.

Students were asked their
favorite colors.

The graph shows that 17 students
chose purple.

The fewest number of students
chose green.

More students chose blue than red.






Kamis, 01 November 2012

Expressing Relief and Pleasure

Expressing relief

· Thank goodnees!
· Thank heavens!
· What a relief!
· I’m glad about…!
· It’s great relief!
· Whew!
Example:

louis: Grey! Don’t you know that our final exam mark has been announced?

septina: What? Are you sure that it has been announced?

Anne: Of course. What happens?

Grey: It is because I did not do the test well and I am afraid that I will get D for this subject. Our teacher has told me, if I don’t pass this exam I will be kicked from this school.

Anne: Don’t make a joke, Grey! I think no one will kick you out from this school.

Grey: How can you know?

Anne: Because you get C!

Grey: Whew! Thank God! Thanks Anne!

Anne: You’re welcome, Grey!
Expressing pain

· Ouch. It hurts!
· Ugh, it’s very painful!
· Ouch!
· Oh, it’s killing me!

Example:

Lorence: Hei! Watch out!

Raisha: Ouch!

Lorence: Are you OK?

Raisha: Ugh, it hurts!

Lorence: I had warned you! Why don’t you watch around before cross the road?

Raisha: I don’t bring my glasses. I am sorry.

Lorence: Ok. Let’s have medicine.


Expressing pleasure

· Great!
· Terrific!
· I’m pleased.
· I enjoyed it.
· I love it.
· It was terrific.
· I’m delighted.

Example:

Tommy: Barnney, how is your new job? Do you like it?

Barnney: No, it doesn’t seem like what I imagine before. How about yours?

Tommy: I’m delighted! My boss is very kind person. He gives me a lot of work to do but he always appreciates my work eventhough it is bad.

Barnney: What a lucky man you are! Congrats boy!

Granting Request



How to Express Granting Request

Observe the following pictures story!

Too Much











In the story above, the girl says “Sure, I will.” It means that she is going to do what the boy asks.

Here are the other expressions of granting request.
Ok.
Certainly.
Alright.
Of course.
Right away.

Now, you can practice to express granting request with your partner. Look at the comic strips and act it. Subtitute with different expression!

Rabu, 31 Oktober 2012

So, Too. Either. Neither

Penggunaan kata TOO, SO, EITHER dan NEITHER
Kata TOO dan SO, EITHER dan NEITHER artinya sama, yaitu JUGA. Dalam Bahasa Indonesia contohnya seperti ini :

Ana : Apakah kamu haus ?
Ani : Ya, tentu saja, karena cuaca sangat panas.
Ana : Demikian juga saya. (Maksudnya: saya juga haus saat ini)

Kata JUGA digunakan untuk menyingkat kalimat "Saya juga haus saat ini". Dalam Bahasa Inggris, penggunaannya agak beda. Kata TOO dan SO digunakan khusus kalimat berita, sedangkan kata EITHER dan NEITHER untuk kalimat negatif, dengan susunan kalimat yang berbeda juga. Susunannya sbb. :

SO + kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) + subyek kata ganti orang
subyek kata ganti orang + kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) + TOO

Contohnya :
Ana : Are you thirsty ? (Apakah kamu haus ?)
Ani : Of course. It is very hot today. (Ya, cuaca sangat panas hari ini)
Ana : So am I ( atau bisa dijawab I am too) artinya : demikian juga saya.

Berikutnya, bila berupa kalimat negatif, digunakan EITHER atau NEITHER

Ana : I am not hungry, (Saya tidak lapar)
Ani : Neither am I atau I am not either ( Demikian juga saya)

Perlu diingat bahwa kata kerja bantu (auxiliay) yang digunakan dalam jawaban singkat menyesuaikan dengan bentuk waktunya, lamapu , sekarang atau yang akan datang.Misalnya :

Ana : I didn't go to school yesterday. (Saya tidak masuk sekolah kemarin)
Ani : I did not either atau bisa dijawab Neither did I (Demikian juga saya)

Indefinite Pronoun


Indefinite Pronoun (Kata ganti tak tentu)

ndefinite pronoun (kata ganti tak tentu) berfungsi mengganti hal-hal yang spesifik menjadi konsep-konsep yang umum dan tidak spesifik. Contoh:
I want to live abroad in Italy.
I want to live abroad somewhere.

Dalam unit ini kita akan membahas indefinite pronoun yang terbentuk dari kata some, any, no, dan every.

Some/any

Some dan any bisa dikombinasikan dengan “-thing” untuk menunjukkan objek yang tidak ditentukan. Contoh:
There’s something outside the door.
There isn’t anything in the box.

Some dan any bisa dikombinasikan dengan “-body” atau “-one” untuk menunjukkan orang yang tidak ditentukan. Ada sedikit perbedaan makna antara “-body” dan “-one“. Contoh:
If you have a problem, someone/somebody will help you.
Do you know anyone/anybody who can help?

Kata benda gabungan ini mengikuti aturan yang sama seperti some dan any, yakni some digunakan pada kalimat afirmatif, dan any digunakan pada kalimat negatif dan pertanyaan. Contoh:
I need something from the supermarket.
I don’t need anything from the supermarket.
Do you need anything from the supermarket?

No

No bisa dikombinasikan dengan berbagai kata benda yang artinya ketiadaan sesuatu. Contoh:
“Did you find your wallet? No, there’s nothing here.”
“Did anything happen?” “No, nothing happened.”
This job is going nowhere. (maksud: Tidak menjadi lebih baik.)
Nowhere is as good as here. (maksud: Aku suka disini yang paling baik.)
Is anybody here? No, there’s nobody here.
I waited for an hour but nobody came.

Terkadang kata-kata dengan no- bisa memiliki lebih banyak penekanan dibanding kata-kata dengan any. Contoh:
I didn’t tell anyone what happened.
I told nobody what happened.

Every

Every bisa digunakan untuk menunjukkan sekelompok atau jumlah total sesuatu. Contoh:
Everything in this house is simple and useful.
Jane was sick last night, but everything is OK now.
Everyone was at Michael’s birthday party last night.
Baseball caps come from America, but people wear them everywhere.

Genre: Report

Report Text
Definition of Report
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis

Generic Structure of Report
1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials
Language Feature of Report
• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
• Using simple present tense

example of report
Tornado

A tornado is a violently rotating column of air which is in contact with both a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, a cumulus cloud base and the surface of the earth. Tornadoes come in many sizes but are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris.

Most tornadoes have wind speeds of 110 mph (177 km/h) or less, are about 250 feet (75 m) across, and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before disappears. Some reach wind speeds of more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than a mile (1.6 km) across, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (more than 100 km).

Although tornadoes have been observed on every continent except Antarctica, most occur in the United States. They also commonly occur in southern Canada, southcentral and eastern Asia, east-central South America, Southern Africa, north-western and central Europe, Italy, western and south-eastern Australia, and New Zealand.



Expressing Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

Conversation

Waiter: "Is everything O.K. here?"
Man: "Yes, thank you. Everything is fine."
Waiter: "Is your steak satisfactory?"
Woman: "Quite good."
Waiter: "How about your roast beef, Ma'am? Is it O.K. too?"
Woman: "It's just right. Just the way I like it."
Man: "I just wanna tell you something. I'm very dissatisfied with the condition. Maybe you need to play some music. It will be fun, I think "
Waiter: "I'll try and take care of it. Anything else?"
Man: "Thanks."

Pelayan menanyakan rasa puas dan tidak puas pelanggan dengan bertanya:
Is everything O.K. here?
Is your steak satisfactory?
How about your roast beef, Ma'am?
Laki-laki itu mengungkapkan rasa puas terhadap pelayanan di tempat itu dengan mengucapkan:
Everything is fine.
Rasa puas terhadap pelayanan juga diungkapkan pelanggan wanita dengan mengucapkan:
Quite good.
It's just right. Just the way I like it.
Namun pelanggan laki-laki mengungkapkan satu hal yang membuatnya tidak puas di tempat itu dengan mengucapkan:
I'm very dissatisfied with the condition.

Pelayan restoran menanggapinya dengan mengucapkan:
I'll try and take care of it.

Berikut ini adalah beberapa ungkapan untuk menanyakan rasa puas/tidak puas, mengungkapkan puas/tidak puas dan merespon ungkapan puas/tidak puas.


Asking about satisfaction / dissatisfaction :
1. How do you like your room ?
2. Is everything O.K ?
3. Is everything satisfactory ?
4. Are you satisfied ?
5. Did you find our service satisfactory ?
6. Do you want to complain about something ?
7. Was something not to your satisfaction ?
8. Are you dissatisfied with something ?

Expressing saticfiction :
1. I really like……
2. I’m compeletely satisfied with everything you’ve done for me
3. It was satisfactory.
4. Everything is fine, thank you.
5. Everything was just perfect
6. I’m happy enough with…
7. It was okay. Not too bad.
8. Good enough
9. I feel satisfied… / contented with it…
10. It makes me satisfied
11. It gives me satisfaction

Expressing dissatisfaction :
1. I am little dissatisfied with the service here
2. I am a bit disappointed with
3. The food was lousy.
4. I don’t like the color
5. I have a complaint
6. I want to make a complaint.
7. I am dissatisfied with it.
8. It is dissatisfactory.
9. It makes me dissatisfied.
10. I’m very dissatisfied with…

Responding to dissatisfaction :
1. I see
2. I’m sorry to hear that
3. I’ll look into it
4. I’ll see what I can do about it
5. I’ll try and take care of it

Example


  Expressing saticfiction :
1. I really like my new motorcycle.
2. I’m happy enough with my new classmate.
3. I feel satisfied with the results of your work.
4. I am very pleased to be able to pass school exams with good grades.
5. am very pleased to be able to pass school exams with good grades.
6. I am very happy with the appearance in a football match yesterday .
7. I am satisfied with the cleanliness of your class
8. I am very satisfied with the results of last year's Olympics .
9. I am very satisfied with the implementation of this year ospek

  Expressing dissatisfaction :
1. I don’t like the color because too flashy.
2. I am a bit disappointed with service in the restaurant.
3. I am little dissatisfied with replicates the results of your physical.
4. I am very disappointed with this school performance.
5. I am less satisfied with the cleanliness of your class.
6. I am less satisfied with the waiters at this restaurant.
7. I was disappointed with the service the bank here.
8. I am very disappointed with your grades.


Selasa, 30 Oktober 2012

Transitions: Moreover, Furthemore, In Addition, Therefore, Consequently

Transitions connect the ideas between two sentences.moreover, furthermore and, in addition mean also. Therefore and Consequently mean as a result.

Examples:
Rieke is clever and kind. Moreover, she is friendly many people like her.
the test was difficult. In addition, the time was also limited. Consequently, many student got bad marks.
It is raining hard. Furthermore Ryan's house is a long way from school. Therefore, he will wait until the rain stops.

Example of unclear transition:

The characters in Book A face a moral dilemma. In the same way, the characters in Book B face a similar problem.

Improved transition:

The characters in Book A face a moral dilemma, a contested inheritance. Although the inheritance in Book B consists of an old house and not a pile of money, the nature of the problem is quite similar.

Examples of Transitions:

Illustration

Thus, for example, for instance, namely, to illustrate, in other words, in particular, specifically, such as.

Contrast

On the contrary, contrarily, notwithstanding, but, however, nevertheless, in spite of, in contrast, yet, on one hand, on the other hand, rather, or, nor, conversely, at the same time, while this may be true.

Addition

And, in addition to, furthermore, moreover, besides, than, too, also, both-and, another, equally important, first, second, etc., again, further, last, finally, not only-but also, as well as, in the second place, next, likewise, similarly, in fact, as a result, consequently, in the same way, for example, for instance, however, thus, therefore, otherwise.

Time

After, afterward, before, then, once, next, last, at last, at length, first, second, etc., at first, formerly, rarely, usually, another, finally, soon, meanwhile, at the same time, for a minute, hour, day, etc., during the morning, day, week, etc., most important, later, ordinarily, to begin with, afterwards, generally, in order to, subsequently, previously, in the meantime, immediately, eventually, concurrently, simultaneously.

Space

At the left, at the right, in the center, on the side, along the edge, on top, below, beneath, under, around, above, over, straight ahead, at the top, at the bottom, surrounding, opposite, at the rear, at the front, in front of, beside, behind, next to, nearby, in the distance, beyond, in the forefront, in the foreground, within sight, out of sight, across, under, nearer, adjacent, in the background.

Concession

Although, at any rate, at least, still, thought, even though, granted that, while it may be true, in spite of, of course.

Similarity or Comparison

Similarly, likewise, in like fashion, in like manner, analogous to.

Emphasis

Above all, indeed, truly, of course, certainly, surely, in fact, really, in truth, again, besides, also, furthermore, in addition.

Details

Specifically, especially, in particular, to explain, to list, to enumerate, in detail, namely, including.

Examples

For example, for instance, to illustrate, thus, in other words, as an illustration, in particular.

Consequence or Result

So that, with the result that, thus, consequently, hence, accordingly, for this reason, therefore, so, because, since, due to, as a result, in other words, then.

Summary

Therefore, finally, consequently, thus, in short, in conclusion, in brief, as a result, accordingly.

Suggestion

For this purpose, to this end, with this in mind, with this purpose in mind, therefore.


Noun Clauses

Noun clause adalah clause (i.e. subject dan verb) yang difungsikan sebagai noun. Noun clause dalam kalimat pada umumnya digunakan sebagai subject dan object kalimat.

Noun clause dapat diawali oleh:
Question word atau relative pronoun baik berupa single question word maupun phrase:
Single question word (i.e. when, how, what, ect.).
Question word + determiner/ noun/ adjective / adverb.
Question word + infinitive.
Conjunction (i.e. whether dan if).
That atau the fact that.

Sehingga pola dari noun clause adalah:

Question word/conjunction/that + subject + verb + …
A. Noun Clauses diawali dengan Question words

Dalam How to Address Questions sudah dibahas tentang penggunaan kata tanya baik dalam membuat information questions maupun dalam membuat embedded questions. Embedded questions tersebut adalah noun clause. Dalam section ini diberikan contoh tambahan untuk merefresh memori anda.
1. Single question words.

Contoh:
Where she is now is still unknown.
When they arrive is still uncertain.
I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Perhatikan: dalam kalimat ini, noun clause what you did last summer menjadi object dari I know dan I still know, dan setelah digabung dengan: are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt, menjadi subject majemuk dari kalimat.

Noun clause dapat ditempatkan diawal kalimat (sebagai subject) atau sebagai object. Jika anda ingin merubah posisi noun clause dari subject kalimat menjadi object kalimat, biasanya dibutuhkan pronoun it atau sedikit modifikasi kata. Contoh di atas menjadi:
It is still unknown where she is now.
Do you know when they arrive?
Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer. Karena merupakan judul movies, noun clause what you did last summer tidak perlu diputar posisinya.

Note:

a) Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. when, whenever, where) juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adverbial clause.

Contoh:
I was reading a book when the phone rang.
I went to where I and my ex girlfriend had been last weekend.
I suddenly get nausea whenever I see his face. (nausea = mual/mau muntah).

Contoh yang lain dapat dibaca di topik: Conjunctions.

b). Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. who, whom, whose + noun) juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective clause. Dalam hal ini, kata tanya tersebut sebenarnya adalah relative pronoun. Well, jangan terlalu dipusingkan dengan istilah. Yang penting anda mengerti pola/struktur kalimatnya. Tapi, jika anda penasaran, silakan baca topic adjective clauses.

Contoh:
I think you whom Mr. Dodi was looking for. (Saya kira kamu (orang) yang pak Dodi sedang cari-cari tadi).
Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was looking for you at school.
Rommy, whose book was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.

Lantas, bagaimana cara membedakan apakah itu noun clause, adverbial clause, atau adjective clause? Jawabannya sederhana. Noun clause dapat digantikan dengan pronoun it, sedangkan adverbial clause dan adjective clause tidak. Noun clause menjawab pertanyaan what dan who/whom; Adverbial clause menjawab pertanyaan when, where, how (termasuk how much, how often, ect), dan why. Adjective clause (i.e. kata sifat yang berbentuk clause) menerangkan noun, dan relative pronounnya (i.e. who, that, ect.) dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti “yang“. Adverbial clauses sudah disinggung pada pembahasan tentang conjunctions. Khusus untuk perbedaan noun clause dan adjective clause dapat dibaca di topik: Perbedaan Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause.
2. Question words + ever/soever

Kecuali how, diakhir question words dapat ditambahkan ever atau soever menjadi whenever = whensoever, whatever= whatsoever, dan seterusnya. Arti ever atau soever di sini sama, yaitu saja/pun, tinggal dikombinasikan dengan kata tanya di depannya. Sedangkan, how+ever menjadi however (i.e. adverb atau juga disebut kata transisi yang berarti namun/walapun demikian) tidak termasuk dalam katagori ini.

Contoh:
We will accept whatever you want us to do. (Kami akan menerima/melakukan apa saja yang kamu ingin kami lakukan).
Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (melt = meluluhkan). Be careful: guy (dibaca gae)= laki-laki, sedangkan gay (dibaca gei) = fag = homo.
She has agreed to wherever the man would bring her. (Dia telah setuju kemanapun pria itu membawanya pergi). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (dalam hal ini to, etc.) biasanya diletakkan di ujung kalimat. She has agreed wherever the man would bring her to.
3. Question words + nouns

Question words + nouns yang sering digunakan antara lain: what time (jam berapa), what day (hari apa), what time (jam berapa), what kind (jenis apa), what type (tipe apa), whose + nouns (i.e. whose car, whose book, ect.), dan seterusnya.

Contoh:
I can’t remember what day we will take the exam.
As long as I am faithful, she doesn’t care what type of family I come from. (faithful = setia).
Do you know what time it is?
I don’t know whose car is parked in front of my house.
4. Question words + adjectives

Question words + adjectives yang sering digunakan antara lain: how long (berapa panjang/lama), how far (berapa jauh), how old (berapa tua/umur), ect.

Contoh:
Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
What a jerk. He didn’t even ask how long I had been waiting for him.
5. Question words + determiners.

Question words + determiners yang sering digunakan adalah: how many (berapa banyak) dan how much (berapa banyak). Remember: how many diikuti oleh plural nouns, sedangkan how much diikuti oleh uncountable nouns.

Contoh:
Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?
How much your English skill will improve is determined by how hard you practice.
6. Question words + adverbs.

Question words + adverbs yang sering digunakan adalah: how often (berapa sering), how many times (berapa kali) ect.

Contoh:
No matter how often I practice, my English still sucks. (Tidak memandang berapa kali saya latihan, bahasa Inggris saya masih jelek). Suck (informal verb) = jelek/tidak baik; arti suck yang lain: mengisap.
I don’t want my parents to know how many times I have left school early. (leave school early = bolos).
7. Question words + infinitives.

Jika question words langsung diikuti oleh infinitives, invinitives tersebut mengandung makna should atau can/could. Perhatikan bahwa subject setelah question words dihilangkan.

Contoh:
She didn’t know what to do = She didn’t know what she should do. (Dia tidak tahu apa yang seharusnya dia lakukan).
Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I can get the train station from here.
We haven’t decided when to go to the beach = We haven’t decided when we should go to the beach.
Marry told us where to find her = Marry told us where we could find her.
B. Noun clauses diawali dengan whether/if

Whether bisa diikuti oleh OR/NOT bisa juga tidak; makna kalimat biasanya sama walaupun OR/NOT tidak disebutkan (ini tergantung konteks kalimat). Untuk penggunaan if, selain telah dibahas di topic conjunctions, juga telah dibahas di topic conditionals. Note: whether pelafalannya sama dengan weather (cuaca), tulisannya juga mirip. Be careful, jangan sampai tertukar.

Contoh:
I am not sure whether she is coming or not = I am not sure whether or not she is coming = I am not sure whether she is coming. (Saya tidak yakin apakah dia akan datang atau tidak).
We can’t decide whether we should go out or stay home. = We can’t decide whether to go or (to) stay home. Perhatikan, infinitives juga dapat digunakan setelah whether.
I am not sure whether I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (Saya tidak yakin apakah saya harus ngambil Ekonomi atau Hukum setelah lulus SMA nanti).
If you take economics, I will take economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will take law too.

C. Noun clauses diawali dengan that/the fact that

Di sini that berarti bahwa, sedangkan the fact that berarti fakta bahwa. Sedangkan, that dalam adjective clauses berarti yang.

Contoh:
That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.
It is the fact that the world is round = the fact that the world is round is well known.
It was obvious that she was very sick = The fact that she was very sick was obvious.
It seems that it is going to rain soon.

Sekarang coba anda latihan buat kalimat dengan menggunakan:
It is + (true, too bad, unfortunate, strange, impossible, unlikely, a well known fact, my belief, etc) + (that/the fact that) + S +V.
It + stative + (that/the fact that) + S +V. Kata-kata yang termasuk stative verbs dapat dilihat pada topik simple present tense.

Genre: Analytical Exposition Text

Analytical Exposition Text

Purpose:
To reveal the readers that something is the important case

Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Reiteration/Conclusion

Dominant Language Features:
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using connectives/transition


Example:

Circuses Should Not Use Animals

Animals should not be used in circuses. The environment where they perform and their living conditions are usually inappropriate with them.
Animals used in the circuses do not perform their natural environment. Tigers, for example, which naturally in wilderness and their preys, must perform trick on a narrow stage’s and spend their lifetime in small cage.
Besides, the living conditions of the animals are poor. They live in such cramped conditions most of their time. They actually need plenty space to roam. They also do not have freedom to live with their own kind.
Therefore, in the 21st century, it seems unnecessary and even cruel to confine wild animals and train them to do tricks for the public’s amusement.



Warning

(Ungkapan tentang peringatan)
A warning means giving information of the danger or unexpected situation that my happen if a person does something. He/she wants that person will be more careful. When we see a snake on a tree, for example, we may shout our friends "Watch out" It means we inform them be careful and to pay attention to the snake.

A warning is usually in the form of imperative, but it may occur with the modal "must" and "should"

Expression of warning :
- You should/should not_______________
- You must/must not___________________
- Don't_______________________________!
- Beware!
- Beware of___________________________
- Look out!
- Watch out!
- Watch out for_______________________!

Here are other examples of expressing warning.
Your little sister wants to cross the busy street. Then you warn her to cross carefully by saying,"Mind the traffic!"
There is a long wire connected to the computer. At present you are using your computer and your little brother is playing a toy car behind the computer. You see what he is doing and warm,"Dont touch the wire!"
There is blackout in the neighbourhood. A father lights a lantern and puts it on the table. His son is amazed and plays with the lantern. When the father sees, he warns,"Keep away from the fire!" or "Don't play with the lantern!"
You are walking on the pavement with your friends in the rain. Suddenly you see a big hole on the pavement. You want your friends by pointing at the hole and saying,"Look out!"
In the zoo, many cages of wild animals are applied with a warning board saying,"Beware of the wild animals!"

Giving advice

Asking for and Giving advice

Expressions

Asking for advice:
I've got a bad toothache. What do you suggest?
What do you advise me to do?
What should I do?
What ought I to do?
What's your advice?
If you were me what would you do?

Giving advice

If I were you, I would go to the dentist.
Why don't you go to the dentist?
You'd better brush your teeth regularly.
You ought to/should avoid eating sweets.
If you take my advice, you'll go to the dentist.
It might be a good idea to brush your teeth on a regular basis.
I advise you to brush your teeth on a regular basis.
Have you thought about seeing a dentist.

Declining to give advice
I don't know what to advise, I'm afraid.
I wish I could suggest something, but I can't.
I wish I could help.
I'm afraid I can't really help you.
Things to remember about asking for and giving advice:

1. "Advise" is a verb.
Example:
"I advise you to learn English. You will undoubtedly need it in your higher studies"

2. "Advice" is a noun.
Example:
"My father gave me this piece of advice when I was young: never give up"

3. "Ought to" has nearly the same meaning as "should". The only difference is that "ought to " refers to a moral or external obligation but should is more of an advice.
Example:
"You ought to stop smoking."
"You should stop smoking."

4. "You'd better" is the short form of "you had better"
Example:
"You'd better see a doctor!" = "You had better see the doctor"

Study the dialogue:

Student: I'm terrible at English and I think I should do something about it. What do you advise me to do?
Teacher: I think you should try this website. It's a fantastic website for beginners.
Student: I've heard about it, but what do you think I should start with?
Teacher: You'd better start with the lessons.Then, try the exercises.

Gerunds

Gerund adalah kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja ditambah –ing, misalnya swimming, eating, fishing, shopping, dancing, dan singing. Bila diperhatikan, gerund mempunyai bentuk yang sama dengan present participle, bedanya gerund berfungsi sebagai kata benda, sedangkan present participle sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda.

Dalam kalimat, gerund berfungsi sebagai:
a. subjek (subject)
b. pelengkap subjek (subjective complement)
c. objek langsung (direct object)
d. objek preposisi (object of preposition)
e. aposisi (appositive)


Subject
Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh:
- Swimming is good.
- Your singing is very beautiful.
- Studying needs time and patience.
- Playing tennis is fun.
- Reading English is easier than speaking it.

Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:
- My favorite sport is running.
- My favorite activity is reading.

Direct Object
Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
- I enjoy dancing.
- She likes dancing.
- Thank you for your coming.
- I hate arguing.

Object of Preposition
Gerund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak setelah preposisi. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah of, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for, by, in.
Contoh:
- He is tired of gambling.
- I am fond of eating bakso.
- He insisted on seeing her.
- I have no objection to hearing your story.
- You will not be clever without studying.
- They are good at telling funny stories.
- In sleeping I met you in the park.

Appositive
Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:
- My hobby, fishing, is interesting.
- I do not like, quarrelling, a useless job.
My hobby is fishing dan fishing is interesting diletakkan bersebelahan dalam sebuah kalimat sebagai appositive (fishing adalah aposisi dari my hobby), begitu juga contoh kalimat dibawahnya.

Expressing Relief, Pain and Pleasure

Expressing relief

· Thank goodnees!
· Thank heavens!
· What a relief!
· I’m glad about…!
· It’s great relief!
· Whew!
Example:

Anne: Grey! Don’t you know that our final exam mark has been announced?

Grey: What? Are you sure that it has been announced?

Anne: Of course. What happens?

Grey: It is because I did not do the test well and I am afraid that I will get D for this subject. Our teacher has told me, if I don’t pass this exam I will be kicked from this school.

Anne: Don’t make a joke, Grey! I think no one will kick you out from this school.

Grey: How can you know?

Anne: Because you get C!

Grey: Whew! Thank God! Thanks Anne!

Anne: You’re welcome, Grey!
Expressing pain

· Ouch. It hurts!
· Ugh, it’s very painful!
· Ouch!
· Oh, it’s killing me!

Example:

Lorence: Hei! Watch out!

Raisha: Ouch!

Lorence: Are you OK?

Raisha: Ugh, it hurts!

Lorence: I had warned you! Why don’t you watch around before cross the road?

Raisha: I don’t bring my glasses. I am sorry.

Lorence: Ok. Let’s have medicine.


Expressing pleasure

· Great!
· Terrific!
· I’m pleased.
· I enjoyed it.
· I love it.
· It was terrific.
· I’m delighted.

Example:

Tommy: Barnney, how is your new job? Do you like it?

Barnney: No, it doesn’t seem like what I imagine before. How about yours?

Tommy: I’m delighted! My boss is very kind person. He gives me a lot of work to do but he always appreciates my work eventhough it is bad.

Barnney: What a lucky man you are! Congrats boy!

Adjective Clauses

Examples of Adjective Clauses

Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns, giving a description or more information. An adjective clause is simply a group of words with a subject and a verb that provide a description. The clause starts with a pronoun such as who, whom, that, or which or an adverb such as when, where and why.


Adjective Clauses In Action

Adjective clauses do not change the basic meaning of the sentence. In some cases, when they provide more information into a sentence, they need to be set off with commas.

Here are several examples of sentences with the adjective clauses underlined:
Pizza, which most people love, is not very healthy.
The people whose names are on the list will go to camp.
Grandpa remembers the old days when there was no television.
Fruit that is grown organically is expensive.
Students who are intelligent get good grades.
Eco-friendly cars that run on electricity save gas.
I know someone whose father served in World War II.
Making noise when he eats is the main reason why Sue does not like to eat with her brother.
The kids who were called first will have the best chance of getting a seat.
Running a marathon, a race of twenty-six miles, takes a lot of training.
I enjoy telling people about Janet Evanovich whose latest book was fantastic.
The people waiting all night outside the Apple store are trying to purchase a new iPhone.
"He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe is as good as dead." - Albert Einstein
“Those who do not complain are never pitied.” - Jane Austen
“People demand freedom of speech to make up for the freedom of thought which they avoid.” - Søren Kierkegaard
“Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died.” - Erma Bombeck



Turning Adjective Clauses into Phrases

An adjective clause with a subject pronoun - such as which, that or who - can also be shortened into a phrase.

You can shorten an adjective clause in two ways:
Omit the subject pronoun and verb.
Omit the subject pronoun and change the verb to the form ending in "ing."

Here are some examples of how to create an adjective phrase:
Adjective Clause: The books, which are lost, are not really necessary.
Adjective Phrase: The books lost are not really necessary.


Adjective Clause: The girl who is running is my best friend.
Adjective Phrase: The girl running is my best friend.


Adjective Clause: His share of the money, which consists of $100,000, was given to him on Monday.
Adjective Phrase: His share of the money, consisting of $100,000, was given to him on Monday.


Adjective Clause: Something that smells bad may be rotten.
Adjective Phrase: Something smelling bad may be rotten.



Remember, the goal of an adjective clause is to add more information to a noun or a pronoun. You can add the information by including a few more words or by changing the adjective clause to a phrase.


Genre: Report


Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis



Generic Structure of Report (Parts of Text) :

1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general. Tells what phenomenon under discussion is.

2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials. Tells what phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of :
 - Parts and their functions
 - Qualities
 - Habits or behavior

Language Feature of Report
 • Introducing group or general aspect
 • Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
 • Using simple present tense



Example (contoh) ::

Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been known as the “Queen of the Adriatic”, “City of Water”, “City of Bridges”, and “The City of Light”. The city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy.

Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands formed by about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built are connected by about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and every form of transport is on water or on foot.

You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most Venetians travel by motorised waterbuses (“vaporetti”) which ply regular routes along the major canals and between the city’s islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still in common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points without bridges.

You can see the amusing city’s landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo, Saint Mark’s Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the Veneto, rural residences for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most interesting aspects of Venetian countryside.

They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high society. The city is also well known for its beautiful and romantic view, especially at night.

Senin, 29 Oktober 2012

Asking & Giving Opinion (meminta & memberi pendapat)



Asking Opinion is to ask other people's opinions on an issue.
Giving Opinion is to express an opinion on a matter or issue.


Asking for opinion

• What do you think of …?
• What are your views?
• What is your opinion?
• Is it right what I’ve done?
• What about …?
• How about …?

Giving opinion
• I’m convinced that ….
• I reckon ….
• I consider that ....
• According to the expert, I ….
• In my opinion, .…
• I think ….

Example
 Mr. luois : What do you think of my new house?
 Septina : It is beautiful. I think. Oh you have many novels in your new house.
Mr. luois : Yeah, some. I like Andrea Hirata's novels.
 Septina : How do you feel about Andrea Hirata's novels ?
Mr. luois : I feel they are great novels.
 Septina : Yes, you are right. I think it is going to rain.
Mr. luois : I don't think so. Look outside at the sky! It's so clear. No clouds there.
 Septina : But I watched the weather forecast yesterday. It said that today is going
to rain. OK Mr. Zoe see you.